Standard Life

International Standard Iso/iec 12207 Software Life Cycle Processes

In June 1989, the JTC1 initiated the development of an International Standard, ISO/IEC 12207 [1], on software life cycle processes to fill a critical need. Since the "cottage" industry era of the late 1970's, software has been establishing itself as an integral part of many scientific and business disciplines. However, environments for developing and managing software have been proliferating fo...

The East Asian Dollar Standard, Life After Death?

Standard error as standard?

To the Editor: I am concerned about errors in simple statistical concepts in articles recently published in Circulation. First, I worry about the widespread use of the standard error of mean (SEM) to describe the variability of numerical data. Specifically, SEM was used in 30% of the clinical investigations and reports and in 76% of the basic science reports analyzed for this purpose (the first...

Standard deviation, standard error. Which 'standard' should we use?

Standard deviation (SD) and standard error (SE) are quietly but extensively used in biomedical publications. These terms and notations are used as descriptive statistics (summarizing numerical data), and they are used as inferential statistics (estimating population parameters from samples). I review the use and misuse of SD and SE in several authoritative medical journals and make suggestions ...

A Standard Error: Distinguishing Standard Deviation From Standard Error

A recent Perspective in Nature issued a call for more transparency in the reporting of preclinical research (1). Although this article focused primarily on experimental design, it emphasized the need for improved reporting in the scientific literature. Within the context of preclinical studies, there have been discussions regarding the appropriate reporting of standard error (SE) and standard d...